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Copy 1 


3U}oi>e Sslani) ^butatimi Circulars 

A COURSE OF STUDY 

IN 

FIRE PREVENTION 

For use in the Public Schools 
of Rhode Island 

Prescribed by the 
Commissioner of Education 














LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

?«CSIVHJ 

APR 2 1923 

DOCUMENTS UiViSION 





Ehode Island Educational Circulars. 


A Course of Study in Fire Prevention 

For Use in the 

Public Schools of Rhode Island 

- 

Prescribed by the 

^Commissioner of Education 


The commissioner of education is hereby empowered and directed to 
prescribe a course of study in fire prevention for use in the public schools 
of the state, dealing with the protection of lives and property against loss 
and damage as a result of preventable fires. 

It shall be the duty of the state board of education, school superin¬ 
tendents, school committees and other executives and persons having con¬ 
trol of public schools in cities and towns, to arrange for said course of 
study and require its use in all schools under its or their control and 
direction. 

It shall be the duty of each teacher in any public school to devote 
not less than one hour, in each month during which such school is in ses¬ 
sion, to the instruction of the pupils thereof, in said course of fire preven¬ 
tion comprising the ways and means of preventing loss and damage of 
lives and property through preventable fires. 

—From Public Laws of Rhode Island, Chapter 2025. 




STATE OF RHODE ISLAND 
PUBLIC EDUCATION SERVICE 


FOREWORD. 

The course of study in tire prevention and the sugges¬ 
tive lessons for the protection of life and property against 
fire contained in the following pages are prescribed by the 
Commissioner of Education in compliance with the require¬ 
ments of law. The work of preparing the manual has been 
done with extensive research and painstaking care by the 
Assistant Commissioner of Education, Mr. Emerson L. 
Adams, to whom grateful acknowledgment is here given. 

This is the third manual on fire prevention issued in 
recent years from the Commissioner’s office for the use of 
public schools. In compliance with a law of 1912 requiring 
monthly fire drills in all schools, both public and private, a 
fire drill manual was prepared and distributed among the 
schools of the state. In 1919 the General Assembly made 
further provision for the 4 'teaching of fire prevention in 
public schools” by authorizing the preparation and printing 
of a manual for such purpose. In pursuance of this legisla¬ 
tion, a fire prevention manual, 4 4 Safeguarding the Home 
Against Fire,” of ninety-one pages, was published, and an 
edition of 30,000 copies distributed to municipal school de¬ 
partments. To this manual frequent references are made 
in the following pages and its general use is implied in the 
prescribed course of study. 

The action of the General Assembly, which created our 
public school system, together with dominant public 
opinion, clearly charges our public schools with the respon¬ 
sibility of teaching lessons and habits of safety-to the pub¬ 
lic’s children and youth. In performing this important 
duty superintendents and teachers, it is hoped, will find 
helpful material in this manual. 

WALTER E. RANGER. 

Commissioner of Education. 



13, i °\Z$ 


\ 






COURSES OF INSTRUCTION IN FIRE PREVENTION 

I. FIRE PREVENTION AND PROTECTION. 


a. Protection of life and property, 
b Preventing interruption of business. 

1. Fire Losses. 

a. In Rhode Island Cities, 
b In United States, 

c. Comparison with other countries. 

2. Inflammable Material. 

a. Matches. 

b. Sunglasses, paper weights, bottles, globes. 

c. Flame (lamp, etc.), bonfires, alcohol stoves, torches. 

d. Hot substances—(Iron, etc.), ashes, friction, cigar¬ 
ette stubs, pressing irons and heaters, stoves and 
furnaces, open fires, drying ovens. 

e. Oil and oily substances—paint, chemicals, acids, 
chlorates, nitrates, peroxides. 

3. Explosive Substances. 

a. Kerosene. 

b. Gasoline. 

c. Gas. 

d. Dust. 

e. Acetylene. 

f. Pyroxylin Plastic. 

g. Lightning. 

4. Preventing, the Outbreak of Fire. 
a. Fire resisting construction, 
b Watchman service. 

c. Careful supervision. 

d. Handling fire hazard material. 

e. Inspections. 

5. Preventing the Serious Spread of Fire. 

a. Prompt detecting and extinguishing of fire. 

b. Fire extinguishers and chemicals. 

c. Sprinkler systems. 


4 


Fire Prevention. 


d. Special devices in large buildings, as fire walls and 
fire doors. 

e. Turning in the alarm. 

f. Fire brigades. 

g. Fire drills. 

n. FIRE IN DWELLINGS. 

1. Fire Hazard in Dwellings. 

a. Matches. 

b. Refuse. 

c. Spontaneous combustion. 

d. Heating apparatus. 

e. Starting fires with kerosene. 

f. Kindling in ovens. 

g. Drying clothes. 

h. Lighting of dwellings. 

i. Sunlight through lenses. 

j. Amateur electrical work. 

k. Destruction of insulation by rats. 

l. Over fusing circuits. 

m. Unprotected flame. 

2. Preventing Spread of Fire in Dwellings. 

a. Use of concrete, gypsum and brick or tile in con¬ 
struction. 

b. Stopping flues in studding, especially in basement 
and attic. 

c. Providing doors with springs at tops or bottoms of 
stairs. 

d. Wire glass in transoms and other openings. 

e. Non-combustible roof coverings. 

f. Periodic examination of heating apparatus. 

g. Fire extinguishers. 

III. FIRE HAZARD IN SCHOOLS. 

1. Principal Sources of Fire in Schools. 

a. Rubbish in the basement or attic. 

b. Supply closet. 

c. Waste paper basket, 

d. Heating apparatus. 


Fire Prevention. 


5 


2. Reason for Relatively Small Loss of Life. 

a. Fire drills. 

b. All parts of the building occupied. 

c. Prompt discovery of fire. 

3. Preventing Spread of Fire in Schools. 

a. Cleanliness. 

b. Fireproof construction of all buildings where chil¬ 
dren are above the second floor. 

c. Sprinkler system in the basement. 

d. Adequate exits. 

e. Eeasonable provision for fire fighting apparatus. 

IV. FIRE HAZARD IN STORES AND PUBLIC 
BUILDINGS. 

1. Hazard in Stores and Public Buildings. 

a. Heating plants. 

b. Ashes. 

c. Electric wiring. 

d. Oils and oily material. 

e. Rubbish, sweepings, refuse. 

f. Matches, 

g. Combustible decorations. 

h. Smoking. 

2. Protection in Stores and Public Buildings. 

a. Prompt and safe disposal of all refuse and sweep¬ 
ings. 

b. Absolute prohibition of smoking in danger zones. 

c. Especial care in kitchens, tailor shops, upholstering 
and packing departments. 

d. Protection of vertical openings and light wells. 

e. Provision of fire walls. 

f. A fire alarm system. 

g. Trained fire brigade and fire drills. 

h. Fire fighting equipment. 

i. Continuous supervision of all fire conditions by a 
competent man. 

V. FIRE HAZARD IN GARAGES. 

1. Petroleum and Its Products. 


6 


Fire Prevention. 


a. Proper storage and handling of gasoline. 

2. Static Electricity. 

a. Produced by the friction of gasoline flowing through 
rubber hose or from a metal can. 

b. Hose usually equipped with copper wire running 
through it. 

*3. Smoking. 

a. “No smoking’’ rule enforced. 

4. Boiler Boom. 

a. Cut off by fire proof wall. 

5. Pits . 

a. Avoided unless they can be arranged out of doors. 

6. Lighting. 

a By electricity. 

b. Wiring properly insulated. 

c. Conduit wiring preferred. 

VI. FOREST FIRES. 

1. Fire Hazard. 

a. Brush fires, camp fires, smokers. 

b. Railroads, lumbering. 

2. Preventing Forest Fires. 

a. Lookouts in Rhode Island. 

b. Foresters and forest wardens. 

c. Precautions by the railroads. 


Fire Prevention. 


7 


SUGGESTED LESSONS. 

I. Fire Prevention and Protection. Lessons 1 and 2. 

Reports show a trifle nnder 1500 fires in the United 
States for every day in the year, more than a fire for every 
minute. Carelessness is the cause of three-fourths or four- 
fifths of all the fires in America. Ignorance with reference 
to conditions which are more than favorable for causing fire 
may account for a large part of the remaining one-fourth or 
one-fifth, with a small margin left for those fires that are de¬ 
liberately planned. Wholly accidental fires are well nigh a 
negligible quantity. Education may easily prevent fires 
which occur through ignorance, but the great need is to get 
rid of the spirit of carelessness, which is the great factor to 
be eliminated. Again, much may be accomplished through 
education. 

The city of Chicago, a short time ago, observed fire pre¬ 
vention week. Everybody entered into the spirit of the oc¬ 
casion. Prior to that time Chicago’s daily fire loss had been 
$1800, but during that week it averaged $52 a day. It is 
quite safe to conclude that the care exercised by the citizens 
of the city was a significant factor in this decrease of fire 
waste. 

Every man, woman and child should co-operate in com¬ 
munity fire prevention. All should practice fire prevention 
every day, and it should not be necessary to set aside a day 
or a week for putting this into practice. Think of the pos¬ 
sibility of blotting out eighty to ninety per cent: of our tre¬ 
mendous annual fire loss in property, the prevention of 
eight out of every ten deaths by fire, the elimination of the 
injuries caused by fire and the saving of a large amount of 
the expense for insurance. Comparatively few people real¬ 
ise that all the money paid for insurance comes directly from 
the pockets of the people and that all have to suffer for this 
carelessness. 

Protection of Life and Property. Lessons 3 and 4. 

Fire causes more than ten per cent, of all the accidental 
deaths in the United States. Some of these deaths occur in 
spectacular conflagrations like the Triangle Waist Company 


8 


Fire Prevention. 


and the Collinwood School fires, but by far the greater num¬ 
ber occur by ones and twos in villages, towns and cities all 
over the country, from playing with matches, from handling 
of gasoline and common causes known to all. The only cer¬ 
tain way to prevent this needless loss of life is preventing 
the fires. “In the past the efforts of fire departments and 
insurance companies have been devoted largely to improve¬ 
ments of methods and equipment for putting out fires, and 
improvement in the construction of buildings and their con¬ 
tents so they will not burn so readily. Little attention has 
been given to the prevention of fire by educating people 
to exercise care in the use of materials and better con¬ 
trol of the properties of the materials that are constantly 
producing these fires. We are just beginning to find out 
that public accidents can be controlled, the same as indus¬ 
trial accidents. Each year as the number of automobiles 
has increased, the number of fatal accidents from the cause 
has increased, both in the country as a whole and in the 
larger cities. Yet the National Safety Council has met with 
considerable success in its efforts to eliminate accidents 
through an organized community effort to teach both the 
motorist and the pedestrian to be more careful/ ’ 

The same methods are being applied to fire prevention. 
A great opportunity lies in prevention through education of 
the children in the school, the workmen in the factory, the 
child in the home and men and women everywhere. 

Fire Losses in Rhode Island. Lessons 5 and 6. 

The Census Bureau has issued a statement that the loss 
in Rhode Island by fire for the past five years was $9,624,- 
381, or an average annual waste of almost two million dol¬ 
lars. These figures, though impressive, possess more 
meaning when it is known that a large part of this annual 
loss might be prevented by the proper exercise of care and 
thoughtfulness. A few comparisons may be interesting. 
The value of property destroyed by fire each year through 
carelessness is greater than the money used in two years by 
our State Board of Public Roads for the construction of 
new roads. This means that we could have more than twice 


Fire Prevention. 


9 


as much new road built each year with the money wasted 
through carelessness. The same amount of money would 
build every year nearly four hundred homes at a cost of 
$5000 each, capable of sheltering 2000 people. 

The State of Rhode Island does not collect statistics of 
fire losses in the state. Fire losses in the cities, in nearly 
all cases, may be obtained from the chief of the fire depart¬ 
ment. The report of the National Board of Fire Underwrit¬ 
ers for 1921 gives the following facts on fire losses in Rhode 
Island municipalities during 1920: 


No. of Fires Loss Per 
Total Loss to 1000 Pop. Capita 

Central Falls. $12,880 3.28 $ .51 

East Providence_ 50,050 5.04 2.27 

Newport. 165,420 5.28 5.17 

Pawtucket. 178,414 6.67 2.74 

Providence .. 1,004,470 6.94 4.20 

Woonsocket. 76,735 6.43 1.74 


Fire Losses in the United States. Lessons 7 and 8. 

The National Board of Fire Underwriters reports that 
in 1920 eighty cities in the United States had a fire loss of 
more than $5.00 per capita, varying from $5.02 in Bay City, 
Michigan, to $91.31 in Sheboygan, Wisconsin. Every year 
from thirty to forty cities in the United States report fire 
losses of more than $5.00 per capita, while the average for 
the United States as a whole in 1920 was very nearly $3.00 
per capita, or a total of $300,000,000. No other country ex¬ 
cept Canada reports so high a per capita loss. (See table 
of American Fire Losses for five years in ‘ 6 Safeguarding 
America Against Fire, January, 1921). Add to this amount 
$100,000^000 a year, the estimated expense of maintaining 
fire departments, and $141,000,000 paid to insurance com¬ 
panies which they do not pay back for losses, and we have 
nearly a quarter of a billion spent for fire protection in the 
United States alone. We might add something for the 
losses on property destroyed by fire which is not insured. 
Who pays for this loss? Surely not the' insurance com¬ 
panies. Every adult, either as rent, taxes, or as a part of 







10 


Fire Prevention. 


the price of the articles he buys, helps to pay the cost of in¬ 
surance. 

All forms of waste should be avoided. That of fire is 
one of the greatest and the least excusable. The annual fire 
loss, including the cost of protection, would support the pub¬ 
lic-school system of the United States for a year. 

In addition to the loss of property, reliable statistics 
give the loss of life as nearly 15,000 every year. There are 
no available means of estimating the loss through the in¬ 
terruption of business, yet it is very great. 

In the year 1913, America’s per capita record was four 
times as great as that of France, and nearly twenty times 
as great as that of Holland. Vienna and Chicago are cities 
of about the same size. Vienna’s fire losses for 1913 were 
$303,200; Chicago’s losses for that year were $5,513,237, or 
more than eighteen times as great. In the same year New 
York city’s losses were about one and one-half times as 
great as those of London. London was then the larger city. 
Why this difference? Of course there are more wooden 
buildings in America than Europe and fire hazards are 
therefore increased, but this great difference cannot be ac¬ 
counted for wholly on that basis. The best authorities say 
that carelessness and indifference to the danger are the 
causes of nearly eighty per cent, of the fires in the United 
States. 

If fires in our country occurred at average periods of 
time and the losses were distributed evenly throughout the 
year, then every second $10.00 in property is destroyed 
every minute a new fire starts somewhere in the United 
States, every hour two lives are lost and seven persons are 
injured through fire, every day enough property value is 
destroyed by fire to feed and clothe a city of 50,0Q0 people 
for ten days, every week the fire loss is enough to build 100 
miles of good macadam road. 

Mr. Bugbee of the National Board of Fire Underwrit¬ 
ers is responsible for the statement that over a billion dol¬ 
lars worth of property was destroyed by fire during the past 
two years, and thirty thousand persons were burned to death 
during the same period. 


11 


Fire Prevention. 


Fire Losses in Other Countries. Lessons 9 and 10 . 

Fire losses in other countries reported in the annual pro¬ 
ceedings of the National Board of Fire Underwriters are as 
follows : 


Per Capita 


In Belgium..$ 1.02 

Pnssia ... 97 

France. 74 

England.64 

Norway. 55 

Italy. 53 


Per Capita 


Japan .$ .51 

Sweden . 42 

Austria.32 

Germany.28 

Netherlands. .11 


Fire prevention authorities contend that by following 
the practices of the foreign countries more closely, we could 
reduce tire waste one-half and the cost of insurance in the 
same proportion. 

By law in France every person is responsible and liable 
for any acts of his by which any other person has or may 
have sustained any loss, damage or injury, provided it is 
proved that such acts were the result of carelessness or neg¬ 
ligence. This means that any damage by fire done to neigh¬ 
boring property caused through gross negligence or fault 
must be made good by the person at fault. 

In Germany the owner or tenant is held responsible; 
or even the previous owner or the contractor who built the 
building—the contractor if the fault lay in the construc¬ 
tion, or the previous owner if when he sold the building he 
was aware of the fault and failed to inform the present own¬ 
er, or the present owner if he was aware of the defect and 
failed to remedy it. Not only is the insurance forfeited, but 
the expense of extinguishing the fire and an extra penalty 
for neglect must he paid if such carelessness can be proved. 

Why not make the laws applying to injuries caused 
through carelessness of cities or corporations apply in the 
case of fires caused by the carelessness of individual owners 
of property? 

The Supreme Court of Michigan has decided that “One 
through whose negligence fire is caused in his building, 













12 


Fire Prevention. 


which spreads to his neighbor’s building, is liable for dam¬ 
ages.” 

A few more actions for damages dne to fires caused by 
gross negligence or violations of local ordinances or state 
law would impress upon all the fact that “each one is his 
brother’s keeper.” 

If your careless neighbor knowingly harbors a defec¬ 
tive chimney, a rubbish-filled basement, a trash-laden attic, 
defective electric wiring, or stoves installed so as to endan¬ 
ger woodwork, or is careless in the use of gasoline or the 
storage of other oils, oily waste and rags, then he is careless 
of the safety of his own property and family, and of your 
property and family, and the lives of firemen. Such a man 
needs discipline, not sympathy in case he has a fire. He 
must be taught the lesson that since the days of Robinson 
Crusoe “No man liveth to himself alone,” and each owes a 
duty to the other. 

The public press is awakening to the public responsi¬ 
bility for fires. 

“Most of the fires are due to somebody’s carelessness, 
stupidity or penuriousness. For every such fire somebody 
is responsible, and in a properly ordered community, for 
every such fire somebody should pay a penalty proportioned 
to the trouble, loss and danger imposed by it on his neigh¬ 
bors and the general public .”—New York Times. 

In-flammable Material. Lessons 11 and 12. 

“The careless smoker is probably the most dangerous 
man in a community. Especially is this true of the cigar¬ 
ette smoker, who is continually lighting matches and care¬ 
lessly throwing them in all directions. Usually he is a man 
who is somewhat nervous and pays little attention to his 
surroundings when he lights a match; less, when he dis¬ 
poses of it. He is liable to light a match close to men hand¬ 
ling gasoline; especially is this true when he has the tank of 
his car filled at a filling station. Not all smokers should be 
criticised, but many are extremely careless with matches, 
cigar and cigarette stubs. Sixteen million dollars worth of 


Fire Prevention. 


13 


property, not to mention the grave loss of life, were burned 
up in this way last year.” 

It is an interesting fact that the United States with ap¬ 
proximately one-tenth of the population of the world, uses 
more matches than the other nine-tenths. This in some 
measure may explain why our tire losses are greater than 
any other nation’s except Canada. 

The use of a lighted match to ascertain the contents of 
a gasoline can or other container of inflammable liquid is al¬ 
ways hazardous. “ The pitcher went to the well ninety-nine 
times, but broke on the one hundredth trip.” It is never 
safe to take a chance. 

Matches. “Safeguarding the Home Against Fire.” 
Try to secure the May, 1921, issue of * ‘ Safeguarding Amer¬ 
ica Against Fire,” National Board of Fire Underwriters, 
76 Williams Street, New York City. 

The sunlight shining through a glass globe, a fish bowl, 
or a lense often produces heat enough to ignite paper on 
other inflammable material on which it falls. Find the 
reason. 

The flame from a candle, gas light, bonfires, torches, 
etc., quickly sets fire to clothes, papers or any easily burn¬ 
ing material. 

Hot substances such as iron, ashes, cigarette and cigar 
stubs and heaters of all kinds, in contact with dry sub¬ 
stances, cause fire. Many fires are caused every year by 
the electric flat when the current has been accidentally left 
on. Great care should be exercised in handling hot sub¬ 
stances, as inflammable material when heated to certain 
temperatures ignites. 

Oil, oily substances and clothes saturated with oil or 
paint When slightly heated, especially in a dry place, readily 
take fire. How would you take care of these ? 

Chemicals of many kinds—acids, chlorates, nitrates and 
peroxides—often cause fire. Vegetable and animal oils, 
coal, charcoal, lampblack, organic and metallic dust ignite' 
spontaneously at certain temperatures. What is spontan¬ 
eous combustion? 


14 


Fibe Pkevention. 


Explosive Substances . Lesson 13 . 

Kerosene is much like gasoline except that at ordinary 
temperature it does not form a gas rapidly enough to be 
dangerous. On being heated it readily becomes a gas that 
is highly explosive when mixed with air. It burns freely 
and gives a good light. Its use in kindling fires is very dan¬ 
gerous. 

Illuminating gas when mixed with air in certain pro¬ 
portions is highly explosive. A leak in the piping or about 
the stove allows gas to escape and mix with the air, then a 
spark or a light causes an explosion. The presence of this 
gas is readily detected by the odor, and a light should never 
be allowed in the room until a window has been opened and 
the gas removed. This gas is poisonous and will cause 
death if inhaled in quantity. 

Gasoline, Naphtha, Benzine. Lesson 14. 

Gasoline, naphtha and benzine are derived from the 
same source and are alike in nature, although differing 
slightly in volatility. All these at ordinary temperatures 
give off a gas which, when mixed with air and ignited by a 
flame or spark, explodes and causes fire. “They may be de¬ 
fined as a petroleum product more powerful than dynamite, 
as sure to explode as nitroglycerine, as deadly as cyanide of 
potassium, as innocent looking as water, never fool proof or 
danger free; to be stored underground and used out of 
doors.” Keep fire, lights, matches and lighted cigars away 
from them. Articles cleaned with them should be thorough¬ 
ly aired. 

Dust explosions occur in grain mills, wood working 
shops, cork factories and in metal scrap and iron filings, 
especially if oil is present. In the presence of heat the rapid 
oxidation of fine particles of the material suspended in the 
air produces spontaneous combustion and the fire spreads 
with great rapidity. A spark or flame often starts a fire 
when conditions are not favorable for spontaneous combus¬ 
tion. A well regulated blower system to take care of this 
dust as fast as it is made is the most effective device for 


Fiee Peevention. 


15 


protection. These fires are extra hazardous, since the en¬ 
tire room or plant is almost instantly enveloped in flames, 
and are usually accompanied by loss of life if employes are 
present. 


Acetylene Gas. Lesson 15. 

Acetylene gas, generated from the action of calcium 
carbide and water, is used for lighting purposes. It is 
colorless and non-poisonous. It is cheaply prepared, and no 
other light so successfully penetrates fog, hence its use on 
bicycles, railroad engines and automobiles. It burns with 
a clear, steady light, and is much used for lighting build¬ 
ings, but its use is very dangerous as it is highly explosive 
when mixed with air. ■ Therefore, it is usually manufac¬ 
tured outside of the building by allowing just enough water 
to come in contact with the carbide to supply the gas needed 
for the lamps 


Pyroxylin Plastic. Lesson 16. 

4 ‘ Safeguarding the Home Against Fire. ’ ’ Page 74. 
Lightning. Lesson 17. 


The positive electricity of the clouds and the negative 
electricity of the earth attract each other. An equalizing 
current passes between them. If the resistance of the air 
is sufficiently great, this current accumulates and when it be¬ 
comes strong enough to overcome the resistance, the two 
currents leap together and cause an explosion which very 
often produces fire/ The problem then is to offer a good 
conductor for this current. Pure copper wire weighing not 
less than three ounces to the foot, or galvanized iron at four 
and one-half ounces to the foot, are good conductors. This 
wire properly installed on buildings, is an effective pro¬ 
tection against the fire loss from lightning. Few buildings 
are struck by lightning where rods are installed, or if so 
struck the current passes over the rods to the ground. It is 
declared that “the points on lightning rods enable the elec¬ 
tricity withdrawn from the ground to flow into and neutral¬ 
ize the positive electricity of the cloud ” This, according 
to investigators, is the manner in which lightning conduct- 


16 


Fire Prevention. 


ors come most frequently into play. There is a diversity of 
opinion relative to the comparative immunity to lightning 
losses enjoyed by unrodded city buildings, but the fact is 
that most lightning damage is suffered by country property. 

Preventing Outbreak of Fire. Lessons 18 and 19. 

It is a generally accepted fact that the frequently used 
term “fire proof” is a misnomer. There is no construction 
that is fire proof as applied to buildings in common use 
throughout the country. The best that can be done is to 
make all construction as fire resisting as possible. This is 
the real problem for all engaged in the production of, mate¬ 
rials for building purposes and those using the same. 

A watchman should make frequent trips to all parts of 
the building housing large quanties of valuable property, 
especially if this property is by nature extra hazardous or 
where a large number of persons are employed during the 
working hours. 

Careful supervision of workers and the handling of the 
products involved in the business should be added to insure 
protection during working hours. Too often the super¬ 
visory staff give attention to the problems of quantity pro¬ 
duction, and the possible destruction of materials and prod¬ 
ucts by fire is remote from their thoughts. A little more 
care and foresight would often save much annoyance and 
loss of both material and time. 

Again, only careful inspection of every part of build¬ 
ings and expert supervision of those engaged in the enter¬ 
prise insure a fair degree of safety. 

Preventing the Serious Spread of Fire. Lessons 20 and 21. 

Prompt detecting and extinguishing of fire is so well 
treated in “Safeguarding the Home Against Fire,” that it 
is best to look the matter up in that manual. 

It is generally admitted that more fires are extin¬ 
guished by pails of water than by all other means combined. 
This is because every one understands and instinctively 
uses the pail and it can almost always be used when the fire 
is starting. The difficulty experienced with the use of fire 


Fire Prevention. 


17 


pails for fire protection is the fact that they are often used 
for domestic purposes, they are unsightly, they become foul, 
and when the water is thrown there is none for further work 
until they are refilled. The difficulty of using them effec¬ 
tively on ceilings and partitions is very great. Fouling can 
be retarded by the use of lime. The chief advantage of the 
fire pail is the small expense of maintenance. 

Two kinds of chemical fire extinguishers are in com¬ 
mon use, what is known as the soda acid and the dry pow¬ 
der extinguisher. The soda acid extinguisher consists of a 
strong copper tank filled with a solution of soda bi¬ 
carbonate, with a bottle of sulphuric acid so arranged that 
it is broken or discharged into the soda solution when the 
tank is inverted. Chemical action forms a quantity of gas, 
which produces high pressure to force the same through 
the nozzle connected with the tank. The carbon dioxide gas 
is an effective gas blanket and shuts off the air which is es¬ 
sential for the further spread of fire. This is probably the 
best off-hand apparatus for inside work. It is easily main¬ 
tained and very effective in the hands of those who are 
trained to use it. Its chief disadvantage is its liability to 
freeze. 

The other type of chemical extinguisher is the carbon 
tetra chloride extinguisher. It consists of a dry powder, 
mainly tetra chloride in a metal tube, and is especially ef¬ 
fective in electric and oil fires. Its advantage consists in its 
compactness and non-freezing properties. It is not so. ef¬ 
fective as the soda acid extinguisher for general protection. 

In large buildings, especially if used for manufactur¬ 
ing or business purposes, special devices, as fire doors ami 
fire walls, should be added to the usual fire resisting con¬ 
struction. In a recent Chicago fire several buildings in¬ 
volved were considered fire proof, and might have proved 
such if metal shutters had .'been provided for the windows. 
The fire from adjoining buildings entered through the win¬ 
dows and stripped the buildings of everything that could 
be burned. Equipped with the protection suggested above, 
a building may be divided into units; and all save one unit 
may be saved. 


18 


Fire Prevention. 


Turning in the alarm as treated in ‘ ‘ Saf eguarding the 
Home Against Fire,” and training and drill in its use may 
be given until all understand the system used in the locality. 

The necessity of having trained men to handle fire ap ¬ 
paratus seems self evident, and yet many plants with 
private fire protection systems seriously neglect this im¬ 
portant feature. The value of the well trained fire brigade, 
with men drilled to do specific things in the case of fire, can¬ 
not be overestimated, and time for drills should be taken 
on company time, or men so engaged might draw a bonus 
for time spent in this work. Rapidity of execution and ef¬ 
fectiveness of effort cannot be expected from men without 
training, and often quite as much harm as good results 
from lack of knowledge of essentials in the excitement and 
confusion resulting from a fire. Every man at his station 
and every man carrying on can result only in the case of 
trained men. The management should take a lively interest 
in this matter and give the needed encouragement to estab¬ 
lish an efficient organization. For the safety of the prop¬ 
erty, as well as for the protection of the employees, exit 
drills for the workers should be conducted at regular inter¬ 
vals to avoid the confusion which usually follows the ring¬ 
ing of the fire gongs. 

II. Fire Hazards in Dwellings. Lessons 22 and 23. 

More than half of all fires reported occur in the homes, 
and most deaths from fire result from carelessness at home. 
With the approach of cold weather and the lighting of fires 
for heating, dwelling house fires increase. One state re¬ 
ports that more than one-fourth of its loss results from fires 
caused by heating plants. Failure to examine the appara¬ 
tus and to have it cleaned and repaired accounts for manv 
of these fires. Overheating and use of kerosene oil in light¬ 
ing fires accounts for more. Trash and rubbish, or oily 
mops and rags, in attic, closet or cellar, are a frequent cause 
of fire. Hot ashes in wooden receptacles or against com¬ 
bustible partitions also cause fires. The fumes from gaso¬ 
line or benzine, and the gas used for lighting or heating 
when mixed with air in the right quantities produce a 


Fire Prevention. 


19 


powerful explosive, which, is instantly set off by a flame or 
spark. Leakage of gas is due to defective pipe connections, 
defective keys and valves, failure to turn the key complete¬ 
ly, turning the key some time before lighting the gas, and 
the use of unreliable fixtures. No flame can be safely used 
to locate a leak. If the leak cannot be easily located, turn off 
the gas, open the windows and notify the gas company by 
telephone. Explosions of gas stoves are often due to care¬ 
lessly opening two valves and lighting only one burner. 

4 t Saf©guarding the Home Against Fire.” 

The average dwelling, as usually designed, is the most 
combustible of all buildings. Wooden walls and air spaces 
in these walls, wood floors and finish of a highly combustible 
character, make these buildings particularly adapted to 
rapid destruction by fire. With the possibility of rapid fire 
spread and life jeopardy, especially at night, and the fact 
that fire prevention in the home is to a very large degree 
encumbent upon the members of the household, it is highly 
important that all in the household should contribute their 
share in care and protection of the home against fire. 

It should be clear to all that a sound stove, furnace or 
boiler, sound smoke pipes and a perfect chimney are essen¬ 
tial to confine fire. These should be arranged a safe dis¬ 
tance from all wooden partitions or joists. Let the stove be 
placed on an incombustible base and the whole equipment 
carefully inspected each year. “ Safeguarding the Home 
Against Fire. ’ ’ 

In one state, of 2161 fires in one year, 1005 were in 
dwellings, with a loss of $707,784. In another state, 6648 
out of a total of 14,052 fires occurred in dwellings, in one 
year, with property loss of $3,926,815; and the next to the 
largest number of fires was 1467, in apartment houses, flats 
and rooming houses. Of a total of 2810 fires in another 
state, 1407 were fires in dwellings, entailing a loss of 
$977,221- 

More lives are lost in fires in dwellings, apartment 
houses and hotels every year than in all the fires in factor¬ 
ies, schools and theatres in the average decade. Can you 
give the reason for this? Why were 125 houses burned for 


20 


Fire Prevention. 


every month last year in one of our states, when there is 
such a shortage of houses ? The common causes of tires are 
simple and all can understand and correct them. 

Fire Protection in Dwellings. Lessons 24 and 25. 

Matches should he kept in metal containers. Use the 
safety match when possible. 

Keep ashes in metal cans. 

Maintain cleanliness in every part of the house and 
cellar. 

Burn oily cloths or keep them in metal containers. 

Place furnaces or stoves at a safe distance from wall. 
Inspect all pipes regularly to see that they are safe for use, 
and see that they are located at a proper distance from 
wooden walls. 

Gasoline and kerosene should not be used to kindle 
fires, or for cleaning or any purpose in a room where there 
is an open flame. 

An open flame should always be protected, lest curtains 
or light material be blown across the flame and ignited. 

Neglect to shut off the current from electrical ap¬ 
pliances has caused many fires, and the utmost care should 
be exercised in their use. 

Old wooden shingles on the roof are loose and present 
cracks where sparks from the chimney may lodge and start 
fires. Fire proof roofing is required in the larger cities and 
is better for all buildings. 

Chimneys should be built of a double row of bricks, or 
if single, should be well plastered on the inside or have tile 
lining. The mortar in the chimney often cracks and leaves 
space for sparks to come out and set fire to the surrounding 
wood. Regular inspection once a year and remedying of 
defects will prevent many fires. 

To test a chimney, cover the top and burn papers or 
light material in stove or clean out and watch for any smoke 
escaping through cracks. 

Many fires are caused by placing cloth or wood in the 
oven to dry. 


Fire Prevention. 


21 


Suggestions for Home Protection. 

Stop all flues in studding, especially in the basement 
and attic. 

Replace wooden shingles with asphalt or tile roof. 

Keep a pail of water in the basement, attic and store¬ 
room. Add salt when there is danger of freezing, and lime 
if troubled with fouling. 

Provide a 2/2 gallon capacity soda acid extinguisher, 
or the smaller size if this is too heavy. 

Have a bag of dry sand handy to use for grease fires— 
or flour may be used instead. 

Install automatic sprinklers in the basement when 
water pressure can be obtained. 

. Use safety matches and keep them where children can¬ 
not get them. 

Burned matches should be placed in the stove or kept in 
metal containers. 

Smokers should extinguish fire or sparks from matches, 
stubs or pipe heel. 

Test the chimney once a year or examine it carefully 
where the test is impractical. 

Examine heater and pipe for cracks before starting the 
fire in the fall. 

Never dry kindling about the hot stove. 

Keep ashes in metal containers. 

Use only stove polishes that are non-inflammable. 

Fill lamps only in daylight. 

Keep a woolen blanket where it may be secured imme¬ 
diately for rolling when clothing catches fire. 

Gasoline or kerosene should be kept out of doors. 

Use flour to extinguish oil or gasoline fires when sand 
is not available. 

Destroy oily rags and clear rubbish from every part 01 
the building. 

In hunting in a dark closet use electric light only. 

Never build bonfires except in places absolutely safe, 
and keep children at a safe distance. 


22 


Fire Prevention. 


In a burning building keep near the floor if there is 
much smoke. 

Know where the nearest fire alarm box is and how to 
turn in the alarm. 

Do not use gasoline for cleaning where there is an open 
flame, nor put the cleaned clothes near the fire until the gas¬ 
oline has evaporated. 

Ill, Fire Hazards in Schools. Lessons 28 and 29. 

The schoolhouse fire, like other fires, is much too fre¬ 
quent in America. Statistics show that there is less danger 
of loss of life in school than in other fires, notwithstanding 
the fact that these buildings are occupied by young children 
who are not as capable of exercising care and good judg¬ 
ment as older people. Two reasons may be given for this: 
the fire drill system maintained and practiced, and the fact 
that all parts of the building are occupied when the chil¬ 
dren are in the building, so that fires do not get much start 
before they are discovered. Fire dangers in schools may be 
eliminated to a large extent by proper care in schoolhouse 
keeping and better methods of construction. 

It is a well established fact that nearly all schoolhouse 
fires have their origin in the basement, attic, supply closet, 
waste basket, or chemical laboratories. These places should, 
therefore, have special care in measures taken to insure 
safety in these buildings. Ashes from the heating plant 
may be safely retained for a few days in metal cans, but 
should be removed frequently. All waste paper that ac¬ 
cumulates during the day is usually removed to the base¬ 
ment and should be pressed immediately and removed from 
the building or be disposed of by burning. It is not safe 
to retain loose paper in bins or barrels. 

Fire Protection in Schools. Lessons 30 and 31. 

All vertical openings and stairways should be properly 
protected and adequate exits maintained. Also all doors 
and gates should be kept unlocked when the building is in 
use. Wide aisles in the rooms, broad halls, and wide stairs 
are of the greatest importance. Koom doors should swing 


Fire Prevention. 


23 


in, that the children may be nnder control of the teacher 
until such time as they may safely enter the corridors. Out¬ 
side doors, equipped with panic bolts, should swing out¬ 
ward. 

Fire drills are required by law. They should be care¬ 
fully planned, and executed in perfect order and discipline. 
Fire escapes should be provided on all buildings of more 
than one floor. Fire proof construction is preferable, and 
should be required in all buildings of two or more floors. 

Every building, where water pressure is sufficient, 
should be equipped with a sprinkler system in the basement, 
and one and one-half gallon acid-soda extinguishers of the 
tip-over type placed at convenient distances on each floor. 
The teachers and a few of the pupils may be instructed in 
their use. 

While school buildings should be of fire proof construc¬ 
tion whenever funds permit, the safety of the building de¬ 
pends quite as much upon its general plan and the location 
of the stairways, corridors and exits. The stairways should 
be so located as to reduce horizontal distance from rooms 
to exit, preferably at the ends or corners of the structure, 
and should terminate at the yard level. 

The heating plant should be located at a safe distance 
from stairs, and space near stairs should never be used for 
storage. 

IV. Fire Hazards in Stores and Public Buildings . Lessons 
32 and 33. 

In the larger stores and public buildings an engineer or 
fireman is employed, who keeps the fire, attends to the re¬ 
pairs of the heater and cleans the engine room. Under these 
conditions there is a minimum amount of danger and fires 
seldom originate from the heating apparatus. In smaller 
establishments the heating apparatus is visited at infre¬ 
quent intervals, little time is devoted to its care and few re¬ 
pairs are made. These conditions make it a real hazard, 
and frequent inspections are necessary for the safety of the 
building in which it is located, and for the protection of sur¬ 
rounding property. 


24 


Fire Prevention. 


Ashes should not be allowed to accumulate and should 
be kept in a metal container. A careful inspection of the 
wiring is a necessity for proper protection against fire. A 
short circuit or improper insulation often causes fire. 

Oils and oily material are present in stores, factories 
and nearly all public buildings, either as a part of 
stock in trade, or for use in cleaning or repairing, and these 
become a fire menace when exposed to heat and surrounded 
by certain gases. 

Probably the greatest single danger in business estab¬ 
lishments and other public institutions is from the rubbish, 
sweepings and refuse constantly accumulating. Any in¬ 
flammable substance brought into contact with these mate¬ 
rials is almost sure to cause fire. A little packing material 
left in a box, a little paper in some other place, or the ac¬ 
cumulation of dust and lint only needs a lighted match, a 
cigarette stub, or any hot substance to cause a conflagration. 
Even spontaneous combustion may take place under favor¬ 
able conditions. 

Fire Protection in Stores and Public Buildings. Lesson 34. 

The prompt disposal of all rubbish, sweepings, paper 
and boxes that accumulate is of the greatest importance as 
a preventive measure. The packing room should be separ¬ 
ated by a fire proof partition from the other rooms and no 
inflammable material or smoking should be allowed in this 
room. No smoking should be allowed in kitchens, tailor 
shops, upholstery departments or where combustible mate¬ 
rial is stored. 

In all large establishments fire walls are essential to 
isolate departments in case of fire. For safety, a fire alarm 
system is usually installed, reaching every department. 
Fire fighting apparatus should be arranged on every floor. 
This may consist of chemical fire extinguishers, fire pails 
filled with water, or a stand pipe equipped with hose. 

With the ringing of the fire alarm, automatic closing of 
vertical openings and light wells should be arranged to stop 
the rush of fire from floor to floor. Where possible there 
should be horizontal openings for the exit of employees. 


Fire Prevention. 


25 


Fire drills for the exit of employees, a trained fire 
brigade to use the apparatus for fighting fire, and a compe¬ 
tent man in charge of all fire conditions are important in 
every large organization. 

V, Fire Hazards in Garages. Lessons 35, 36 and 37. 

The hazard of gasoline has been more largely responsi¬ 
ble for fires in garages than- any other single cause. 

Forty-eight per cent, of the fires recorded by the Na¬ 
tional Fire Protection Association originated from gasoline 
outside of the car, and nineteen per cent, from the car itself. 

The gasoline used about the garages is often ignited 
from matches, forges and furnaces, torches, heaters, back¬ 
firing, static electricity, acetylene light in cars, burning out 
of carbon, and spontaneous combustion of waste. 

The only safe method, then, is to keep the gasoline out 
of the garage, and exercise the greatest vigilance in the care 
and use of any of the above appliances. 

Fire Protection in the Garage. 

Hot water or steam is the safest method of heating. 

Pits or depressions in the floor should never be allowed 
in the garage, as the gas from gasoline is heavier than air, 
and ventilation does not remove it from the lower places. 
Repairs requiring fire heat should be done in a separate 
room devoted to that purpose. 

Gasoline should not be used for cleaning the parts of 
a car. Kerosene is recommended and is safer. 

Lighting should be by electricity, and care should be 
taken to place switches and fuses where no gas can get at 
them. 

The gas-arc located ten feet from the floor has been 
used successfully, but must not be installed except by per¬ 
mission of underwriters. 

Fire resisting construction is preferable where possi¬ 
ble, and under certain conditions is required by building 
codes. 

The soda-acid extinguisher, sand pails and the tetra¬ 
chloride extinguishers should be supplied. 


26 


Fire Prevention. 


The “No Smoking” notice should be posted in public 
garages and the proprietor should insist upon its observ¬ 
ance by employees and patrons. 

VI. Forest Fires. Lesson 38. 

Every forest fire is destructive. Even if it does not 
kill the larger trees it will kill the seedlings and saplings 
and leave the surface barren of the leaf mold which has ac¬ 
cumulated from year to year from the falling leaves and dy¬ 
ing vegetation. This humus absorbs water, produces plant 
food and keeps the ground moist and porous. When de¬ 
stroyed by fire, the moisture evaporates, the surface hard¬ 
ens and rain falling runs off to the streams and ceases to 
supply the water needed constantly by the trees to insure 
proper growth. 

During five years, 1916-1920 inclusive, the record of 
property loss in the United States due to forest fires was 
$85,715,747, or nearly $47,000 per day, and more than 56,000 
acres were burned. 

If a forest is destroyed it takes from thirty to one 
hundred years to replace it. Without trees we would have 
no lumber for buildings, for furniture, for ships and for the 
many needs that it now supplies. 

Fire Hazard in Forests. Lesson 39. 

Chief among the causes of forest fires are railroad lo 
comotives. Next comes the careless burning of brush and 
trash by farmers and others; then campers and pleasure 
seekers with their camp fires, and carelessness with matches 
and smoking, as well as those who set fires in fields and wood 
without considering the damage they are doing. Hunters, 
fishermen and woods workers of all kinds smoke in the for¬ 
est and are not always careful to make sure that they do not 
start a fire. 

Preventing Forest Fires. Lesson 40. 

A bonfire or camp fire should never be left until you 
are sure every spark of fire has been put out. When a fire 
has burned low and is apparently “dead,” a strong breeze 


Fire Prevention. 


27 


will often stir the slumbering coals to redness and set fire 
to grass and leaves. 

Twenty-eight states, including Rhode Island, have es¬ 
tablished state systems for protecting their forests against 
fires, in cooperation with the federal government. Rhode 
Island maintains two observation stations located on the 
summits of high hills. Pine Hill, 543 feet above the sea 
level in the town of Exeter, has a 50 foot tower. Chop Mist, 
730 feet high in Scituate, has a 40 foot tower. These sta¬ 
tions are provided with telephones and field glasses and are 
also equipped with orientated topographical maps and 
range finders, which enable them by triangulation to locate 
fires from five to ten miles away. A constant watch is main¬ 
tained from early spring to late fall, whenever the forest 
is dry. The federal government inspects these lookouts 
regularly and helps to maintain them. Does Rhode Island 
need more lookouts ? 

Railroads employ men when forests are very dry to 
follow trains to watch for and put out fires started by 
sparks from the engines. The new engines are equipped 
with spark arresters, that prevent the emission of live fire 
to be blown into the grass along the route. 

Who is the state forester and what are the duties of the 
forest wardens? Has air patrol been added to the state 
equipment? 

Never pass, in forest or field, even the smallest fire un¬ 
noticed. Put it out yourself, or before you leave, see that 
the fire warden, the owner of the property, or some respon¬ 
sible resident takes measures to extinguish it. Fire travels 
with the wind always. Try to stop its direct advance first. 
Sand or soil will smother it, beating may kill it, but water 
is better. In some cases it will be necessary to dig a trench 
across its path. 

From, the Annual Report of Fire Marshal of Illinois— 1920. 

Classification of Property Burned, Number of Fires and the Fire Loss 
According to Property Destroyed from July 1, 1919, to June 30, 1920. 

Class of Property No. Damage 

1. Apartment houses, flats and rooming houses- 1,467 $426,163 

2. Amphitheatres, grand stands, etc. 4 20,300 



28 Fire Prevention. 

4 

3. Bakeries . 48 

4. Barber shops . 74 

5. Barns and stables (not liveries). 734 

6. Churches .!. 98 

7. Depots, stations, waiting rooms, etc. 46 

8. Dry cleaning establishments . 25 

9. Dry houses, kilns, rooms, etc. 5 

10. Dwellings . 6,648 

11. Elevators and grain warehouses. 16 

12. Factories. 551 

13. Foundries . 47 

14. Garages . 386 

15. Granaries . .... 14 

16. Green houses . 3 

17. Halls, (lodge), (club), (dance), (public), etc... . 84 

18. Hotels and boarding houses . 114 

19. Hospitals ... 14 

20. Ice houses . 18 

21. Jails . 1 

22. Laundries . 32 

23. Liveries.. 5 

. 24. Mills (flour) . 4 

25. Mills (saw and planing)... 6 

26. Office buildings . 82 

27. Oil houses . 15 

28. Photo studios . 10 

29. Power houses, pump houses and engine houses. . 43 

30. Restaurants .. 118 

31. Saloons . 53 

32. Sheds . 837 

33. Smoke houses . 55 

34. Silos . 4 

35. Stores .. 1,034 

36. Shops, (carpenter, .blacksmith, etc.). 219 

37. Schools, (colleges, seminaries, etc.). 78 

38. Theatres and motion picture houses. 24 

39. Warehouses . 149 

40. Miscellaneous . 124 

Fires Other Than Buildings. 

1. Automobiles . 454 

2. Boats . 13 

3. Bridges . 7 

4. Cars, (railway), (electric), etc. 144 

5. Docks, (coal), etc. 

6. Fences . 28 

7. Grain and hay. 58 

8. Junk yards . 13 


36,845 

16,760 

1,021,439 

180,079 

45,950 

11,198 

2,270 

3,926,815 

186,473 

3,709,115 

33,542 

660,812 

31,843 

2,210 

480,150 

123,873 

46,035 

62,290 

10 

54,660 

30,155 

137,000 

14,715 

176,097 

106,427 

2,730 

54,24? 

44,342 

21,900 

353,209 

8,847 

1,650 

1,473,380 

191,741 

155,025 

63,978 

831,814 

296,410 

70,489 

18,100 

1,720 

1,071,573 


352 

16,285 

22,025 
















































Fire 

Prevention. 

29 

9. 

Lumber yards . 


11,660 

10. 

T an ks, (water), etc. 

. 17 

• 295,365 

11. 

Tents . 

4 

945 

12. 

Threshing outfits . 


13. 

Trestles. 


5 

14. 

Wagons . 


1,230 



14,052 

$16,552,248 

From the Annual Report 

of Fire Marshall of Illinois — 1920. 


Classification of Causes, Number of Fires and the Loss Therefrom 
According to Causes, from July 1, 1919, to June 30, 1920. 



Cause 

No. 

Damage 

1. 

Chimneys, flues, cupolas and stacks, overheated 
or defective . 

1,113 

$926,153 

2. 

Conflagrations . 

17 

21,475 

3. 

Electricity (except electric irons and similar de¬ 
vices) . 

513 

1,850,336 

4. 

Explosions .. 

77 

432,067 

5. 

Exposure . 

656 

459,755 

6. 

Fireworks, fire crackers, balloons, etc. 

50 

2,895 

7. 

Friction, sparks occasioned by running machinery 

39 

38,710 

8. 

Gas—natural and artificial. 

314 

146,290 

9. 

Hot ashes and coals, open fires... 

427 

118,804 

10. 

Hot grease, oil, tar, wax, asphalt (ignition of) 

160 

88,622 

11. 

Hot irons, including electric devices... 

88 

25,743 

12. 

Incendiarism . 

214 

1,220,515 

13. 

Lightning—buildings rodded .. 

1 

10 

14. 

Lightning—buildings not rodded..’. 

261 

808,044 

15. 

Matches, smoking . 

1,514 

543,931 

16. 

Miscellaneous—cause known, but not classified 
(for unknown see No. 27). 

61 

30,101 

18. 

Open lights .. 

188 

212,292 

19. 

Petroleum and its products.. 

623 

572,289 

20. 

Rubbish and litter . 

488 

93,847 

21. 

Sparks—arising from combustion (other than, 22) 

255 

271,716 

99 


3,250 

1,140,726 

608,565 

LiC j. 

23. 

OpdliAo UH ILMJ-LQ .. 

Spontaneous combustion . 

345 

24. 

Steam and hot water pipes .. 

85 

32,188 

25. 

Stoves, furnaces, boilers and their pipes... 

1,041 

849,348 

26. 


1,510 

3,715,346 

27. 

Unknown origin, but investigation important.... 

762 

2,342,490 



14,052 

$16,552,248 






































30 


Fire Prevention. 


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